Conditio sine qua non Theory

According to Von Buri, a cause is any condition that cannot be eliminated for an effect to arise, because each of these conditions is a cause, all conditions have the same value. So if even one condition is absent, the result will be different. This theory has a weakness because the causal relationship will stretch backward without limit/end. However, according to Van Hamel, this theory is the only theory that can be defended, it just needs to be supplemented with the theory of error.

Adequate Theory

According to Von Kris, a cause of an event (criminal act) is a condition that generally, according to the normal course of events, can lead to a certain consequence or event. This theory is based on facts before the event. This adequate theory developed, which subsequently gave rise to two schools of thought within the theory, namely subjective and objective theories. Subjective theory determines that the cause is what the perpetrator knows or imagines can cause an effect (the criterion is the perpetrator's knowledge). Meanwhile, objective theory sees the cause as human behavior which, according to experience, is generally reasonable if the act causes an effect.

Individualization Theory

According to Birk Meyer, from a series of conditions that cannot be eliminated for an effect to arise, the cause is the condition that in certain circumstances is the most dominant in causing the effect. Karl Binding said that the condition is the most decisive cause. In positive conditions to exceed negative conditions.

Thus the discussion regarding the doctrine of causality in criminal law. In principle, the doctrine of causality is a concept that explains the relationship between two events, where one event (cause) triggers another event (effect). In criminal law, this doctrine is useful for showing the cause-and-effect relationship between a person's actions and the consequences they cause. This doctrine is very important to determine whether a person can be held criminally responsible for an act or not.

Hope it is useful!