Although Indonesia has various regulations related to the misuse of microorganisms, there are still several weaknesses in their implementation. Let's say that in the fragmentation of regulations that exist are spread across various sectors, so there is no specific regulation that comprehensively regulates the misuse of microorganisms in various contexts. In addition, the lack of supervisory bodies often lacks the resources and authority to take action against the misuse of microorganisms effectively. There are No Specific Regulations on Bioterrorism. Although the Terrorism Law has regulated the misuse of microorganisms as biological weapons, there are no detailed provisions regarding specific aspects of control and prevention.

Conclusions and Recommendations

To increase legal effectiveness in dealing with criminal acts of misuse of microorganisms, a more comprehensive approach and better harmonization of regulations are needed. Some recommendations that can be considered are: Drafting a special law that specifically regulates the misuse of microorganisms in various sectors. Strengthening Supervisory Institutions with greater budget allocations and authority to oversee the use of microorganisms in various industries. Improving Coordination Between Institutions to prevent legal loopholes due to overlapping regulations. Implementation of stricter sanctions to provide a deterrent effect against perpetrators of biological crimes. With the strengthening of regulations and a better monitoring system, Indonesia is expected to be better prepared to face the threat of misuse of microorganisms in the context of bioterrorism, environmental pollution, as well as health and food crimes.