Aristotle

Aristotle, a student of Plato, had a slightly different view of justice. In his works "Nicomachean Ethics" and "Politics", Aristotle distinguished between distributive justice and corrective justice. Distributive justice deals with the distribution of wealth and resources according to the merit or contribution of individuals to society. Meanwhile, corrective justice deals with the restoration of injustice in personal transactions​ (Encyclopedia Britannica​)​​ (Encyclopedia Britannica​)​.

Aristotle also put forward the concept of justice as a moral virtue, where he saw justice as the habit of giving others what they deserve, both in terms of law and morality. He emphasized the importance of just laws and governance based on principles of justice to achieve a harmonious society​ (Encyclopedia Britannica​)​.

Social Contract Theory

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes, in his work "Leviathan", proposed a social contract theory which states that justice arises from an agreement between individuals to form a society and government. According to Hobbes, in a "state of nature" without laws, human life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". To avoid this chaos, individuals agree to give up some of their freedom to a strong government that can enforce law and order​ (Wikipedia​)​.

John Locke

John Locke, in "Two Treatises of Government", developed the concept of the social contract further by emphasizing the natural rights of man, such as life, liberty, and property. For Locke, justice is about protecting these rights, and government exists to ensure that individual rights are respected and maintained. If the government fails to do so, citizens have the right to replace that government​ (Wikipedia​)​.